સ્પર્ધાત્મક પરિક્ષાઓ માટેની દિશાસૂચક બ્લોગ દુનિયા

ઉઠો,જાગો અને ધ્યેયપ્રાપ્તિ સુધી મંડ્યા રહો-સ્વામિ વિવેકાનંદ

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Monday, November 26, 2012

શહેરની સફરે - જનરલ નોલેજની નજરે-2

ગુલાબી નગરી-જયપુર 
જયપુર નગરની સ્થાપના ઇ.સ 1728માં આંબેરના મહારાજા જયસિંહ બીજાએ કરી હતી.આ શહેર ઐતિહાસિક અને સંસ્કૃતિની દ્રષ્ટીએ આગવું સ્થાન ધરાવે છે.આ શહેર ત્રણેય બાજુથી અરવલ્લી પર્વતથી ઘેરાયેલું છે.જયપુરને આયોજીત શહેર બનાવવાનુ કામ વિધાધર ભટ્ટાચાર્યએ કર્યુ હતું.જયપુર શહેરની ઓળખ ત્યાંના મહેલો અને ઘરોના ગુલાબી પત્થરોની બનેલી દિવાલોથી થાય છે.એટલે જ આ શહેરનું બીજું નામ "ગુલાબી નગરી" છે.આ નામ પાછળનું બીજુ કારણ ઇ.સ 1876માં તે વખતના શાસક મહારાજા સવાઇ રામસિંહે ઇગ્લેંડની મહારાણી એલિઝાબેથ અને,પ્રિન્સ ઓફ વેલ્સ યુવરાજ એલ્બર્ટના સ્વાગતમાં આખાં શહેરને ગુલાબા રંગથી રંગાવ્યું હતું.ત્યારથી પણ ગુલાબી નગરી કહેવામાં આવે છે.
જયપુર ભારત દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા રાજસ્થાન રાજ્યનું એક નગર છે. જયપુરમાં જયપુર જિલ્લાનું મુખ્યાલય તેમ જ રાજસ્થાન રાજ્યનું પાટનગર છે. જયપુર એ પિંક સીટી તરીકે પ્રખ્યાત છે. જયપુર રાજસ્થાન રાજ્યનું સૌથી મોટું શહેર છે.  જયપુર એ અર્ધ રણ પ્રદેશ માં આવેલું છે. તે ભારતનાં આયોજિત શહેરમાનું એક સુંદર આયોજિત શહેર છે. આ શહેર જે એક જમાનામાં રાજવી ઓ નું પાટનગર હતું એ આજે રાજસ્થાન રાજ્યનું પાટનગર છે. આ શહેરની સંરચના આપણને રાજપુતાના અને રાજવી પરિવારોની યાદ અપાવે છે. અત્યારે જયપુર એ રાજસ્થાન રાજ્યનું મુખ્ય વ્યાપાર મથક છે અને તે એક મેટ્રોપોલિટીન શહેર છે.
આ શહેર ચારેય બાજુ દિવાલો અને કિલ્લાઓથી ઘેરાયેલું છે.જેમાં પ્રવેશ માટે સાત દરવાજા છે.જેમા એક પાછળથી દરવાજો બન્યો,જે ન્યુ ગેટ તરીકે ઓળખાય છે.જયપુરને ભારતનું પેરીસ પણ કહેવામાં આવે છે.
 જયપુર સ્થાપત્યની દ્રષ્ટ્રીએ ખૂબજ આગળ પડતું શહેર છે.જ્યાં અનેક ભવ્ય ઇમારતો બનાવવામાં આવી છે.મહારાજા સવાઇ જયસિંહે જયપુરને નવ આવાસી ખંડોમાં વસાવ્યું છે,જેને ચૌકડી કહેવા આવે છે.જંતર-મંતર,હવા મહેલ,સિટી પૈલેસ,ગોવિંદ દેવજી મંદીર,બી.એમ બિડલા તારામંડલ,આમેરનો કિલ્લો,જયગઢ દૂર્ગ,વગેરે ભવ્ય ઇમારતો છે.
सिटी पैलेस
राजस्थानी व मुगल शैलियों की मिश्रित रचना एक पूर्व शाही निवास जो पुराने शहर के बीचोंबीच है। भूरे संगमरमर के स्तंभों पर टिके नक्काशीदार मेहराब, सोने व रंगीन पत्थरों की फूलों वाली आकृतियों ले अलंकृत है। संगमरमर के दो नक्काशीदार हाथी प्रवेश द्वार पर प्रहरी की तरह खड़े है। जिन परिवारों ने पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी राजाओं की सेवा की है। वे लोग गाइड के रूप में कार्य करते है। पैलेस में एक संग्राहलय है जिसमें राजस्थानी पोशाकों व मुगलों तथा राजपूतों के हथियार का बढ़िया संग्रह हैं। इसमें विभिन्न रंगों व आकारों वाली तराशी हुई मूंठ की तलवारें भी हैं, जिनमें से कई मीनाकारी के जड़ऊ काम व जवाहरातों से अलंकृत है तथा शानदार जड़ी हुई म्यानों से युक्त हैं। महल में एक कलादीर्घा भी हैं जिसमें लघुचित्रों, कालीनों, शाही साजों सामान और अरबी, फारसी, लेटिन व संस्कृत में दुर्लभ खगोल विज्ञान की रचनाओं का उत्कृष्ट संग्रह है जो सवाई जयसिंह द्वितीय ने विस्तृत रूप से खगोल विज्ञान का अध्ययन करने के लिए प्राप्त की थी।
जंतर मंतर, जयपुर
एक पत्थर की वेधशाला। यह जयसिंह की पाँच वेधशालाओं में से सबसे विशाल है। इसके जटिल यंत्र, इसका विन्यास व आकार वैज्ञानिक ढंग से तैयार किया गया है। यह विश्वप्रसिद्ध वेधशाला जिसे २०१२ में यूनेस्को ने विश्व धरोहरों में शामिल किया है, मध्ययुगीन भारत के खगोलविज्ञान की उपलब्धियों का जीवंत नमूना है! इनमें सबसे प्रभावशाली रामयंत्र है जिसका इस्तेमाल ऊंचाई नापने के लिए (?) किया जाता है।
हवा महल
ईसवी सन् 1799 में निर्मित हवा महल राजपूत स्थापत्य का मुख्य प्रमाण चिन्ह। पुरानी नगरी की मुख्य गलियों के साथ यह पाँच मंजिली इमारत गुलाबी रंग में अर्धअष्टभुजाकार और परिष्कृत छतेदार बलुए पत्थर की खिड़कियों से सुसज्जित है। शाही स्त्रियां शहर का दैनिक जीवन व शहर के जुलूस देख सकें इसी उद्देश्य से इमारत की रचना की गई थी।
गोविंद देवजी का मंदिर
भगवान कृष्ण का जयपुर का सबसे प्रसिद्ध, बिना शिखर का मंदिर। यह चन्द्रमहल के पूर्व में बने जन-निवास बगीचे के मध्य अहाते में स्थित है। संरक्षक देवता गोविंदजी की मूर्ति पहले वृंदावन के मंदिर में स्थापित थी जिसको सवाई जयसिंह द्वितीय ने अपने परिवार के देवता के रूप में यहाँ पुनः स्थापित किया था।
सरगासूली-
(ईसर लाट) - त्रिपोलिया बाजार के पश्चिमी किनारे पर उच्च मीनारनुमा इमारत जिसका निर्माण ईसवी सन् 1749 में सवाई ईश्वरी सिंह ने अपनी मराठा विजय के उपलक्ष्य में करवाया था।

रामनिवास बाग
एक चिड़ियाघर, पौधघर, वनस्पति संग्रहालय से युक्त एक हरा भरा विस्तृत बाग, जहाँ खेल का प्रसिद्ध क्रिकेट मैदान भी है। बाढ राहत परियोजना के अंतर्गत ईसवी सन् 1865 में सवाई राम सिंह द्वितीय ने इसे बनवाया था। सर विंस्टन जैकब द्वारा रूपांकित, अल्बर्ट हाल जो भारतीय वास्तुकला शैली का परिष्कृत नमूना है, जिसे बाद में उत्कृष्ट मूर्तियों, चित्रों, सज्जित बर्तनों, प्राकृतिक विज्ञान के नमूनों, इजिप्ट की एक ममी और फारस के प्रख्यात कालीनों से सुसज्जित कर खोला गया। सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक प्रेक्षागृह के साथ रवीन्द्र मंच, एक आधुनिक कलादीर्घा व एक खुला थियेटर भी इसमें बनाया गया हैं।
गुड़िया घर - (समयः 12 बजे से सात बजे तक)- पुलिस स्मारक के पास मूक बधिर विद्यालय के अहाते में विभिन्न देशों की प्यारी गुड़ियाँ यहाँ प्रदर्शित हैं।
बी एम बिड़ला तारामण्डल
(समयः 12 बजे से सात बजे तक)- अपने आधुनिक कम्पयूटरयुक्त प्रक्षेपण व्यवस्था के साथ इस ताराघर में श्रव्य व दृश्य शिक्षा व मनोरंजनों के साधनों की अनेखी सुविधा उपलब्घ है। विद्यालयों के दलों के लिये रियायत उपलब्ध है। प्रत्येक महीने के आखिरी बुघवार को यह बंद रहता है।
गलताजी
एक प्राचीन तार्थस्थल, निचली पहाड़ियों के बीच बगीचों से परे स्थित। मंदिर, मंडप और पवित्र कुंडो के साथ हरियाली युक्त प्राकृतिक दृश्य इसे आनन्ददायक स्थल बना देते हैं। दीवान कृपाराम द्वारा निर्मित उच्चतम चोटी के शिखर पर बना सूर्य देवता का छोटा मंदिर शहर के सारे स्थानों से दिखाई पड़ता है।
जैन मंदिर
आगरा मार्ग पर बने इस उत्कृष्ट जैन मंदिर की दीवारों पर जयपुर शैली में उन्नीसवीं सदी के अत्यधिक सुंदर चित्र बने हैं।
मोती डूंगरी और लक्ष्मी नारायण मंदिर
मोती डूंगरी एक निजी पहाड़ी ऊंचाई पर बना किला है जो स्कॉटलैण्ड के किले की तरह निर्मित है। कुछ वर्षों पहले, पहाड़ी पादगिरी पर बना गणेश मंदिर और अद्भुत लक्ष्मी नारायण मंदिर भी उल्लेखनीय है।
स्टैच्यू सर्किल - चक्कर के मध्य सवाई जयसिंह का स्टैच्यू बहुत ही उत्कृष्ट ढंग से बना हुआ है। इसे जयपुर के संस्थापक को श्रद्धांजलि देने के लिए नई क्षेत्रीय योजना के अंतर्गत बनाया गया है। इस में स्थापित सवाई जयसिंह की भव्यमूर्ति के मूर्तिशिल्पी स्व.महेंद्र कुमार दास हैं.
अन्य स्थल
आमेर मार्ग पर रामगढ़ मार्ग के चौराहे के पास रानियों की याद में बनी आकर्षक महारानी की कई छतरियां है। मानसागर झील के मध्य, सवाई माधोसिंह प्रथम द्वारा निर्मित जल महल, एक मनोहारी स्थल है। परिष्कृत मंदिरों व बगीचों वाले कनक वृंदावन भवन की पुरातन पूर्णता को विगत समय में पुनर्निर्मित किया गया है। इस सड़क के पश्चिम में गैटोर में शाही शमशान घाट है जिसमें जयपुर के सवाई ईश्वरी सिंह के सिवाय समस्त शासकों के भव्य स्मारक हैं। बारीक नक्काशी व लालित्यपूर्ण आकार से युक्त सवाई जयसिंह द्वितीय की बहुत ही प्रभावशाली छतरी है। प्राकृतिक पृष्ठभूमि से युक्त बगीचे आगरा मार्ग पर दीवारों से घिरे शहर के दक्षिण पूर्वी कोने पर घाटी में फैले हुए हैं।
गैटोर
सिसोदिया रानी के बाग में फव्वारों, पानी की नहरों, व चित्रित मंडपों के साथ पंक्तिबद्ध बहुस्तरीय बगीचे हैं व बैठकों के कमरे हैं। अन्य बगीचों में, विद्याधर का बाग बहुत ही अच्छे ढ़ग से संरक्षित बाग है, इसमें घने वृक्ष, बहता पानी व खुले मंडप हैं। इसे शहर के नियोजक विद्याधर ने निर्मित किया था।
आमेर
यह कभी सात सदी तक ढूंडार के पुराने राज्य के कच्छवाहा शासकों की राजधानी थी।
आमेर और शीला माता मंदिर - लगभग दो शताब्दी पूर्व राजा मान सिंह, मिर्जा राजा जयसिंह और सवाई जयसिंह द्वारा निर्मित महलों, मंडपों, बगीचों और मंदिरों का एक आकर्षक भवन है। मावठा झील के शान्त पानी से यह महल सीधा उभरता है और वहाँ सुगम रास्ते द्वारा पहुंचा जा सकता है। सिंह पोल और जलेब चौक तक अकसर पर्यटक हाथी पर सवार होकर जाते हैं। चौक के सिरे से सीढ़ियों की पंक्तियाँ उठती हैं, एक शिला माता के मंदिर की ओर जाती है और दूसरी महल के भवन की ओर। यहां स्थापित करने के लिए राजा मानसिंह द्वारा संरक्षक देवी की मूर्ति, जिसकी पूजा हजारों श्रद्धालु करते है, पूर्वी बंगाल (जो अब बंगला देश है) के जेसोर से यहां लाई गई थी। एक दर्शनीय स्तंभों वाला हॉल दीवान-ए-आम और एक दोमंजिला चित्रित प्रवेशद्वार, गणेश पोल आगे के प्रांगण में है। गलियारे के पीछे चारबाग की तरह का एक रमणीय छोटा बगीचा है जिसकी दाई तरफ सुख निवास है और बाई तरफ जसमंदिर। इसमें मुगल व राजपूत वास्तुकला का मिश्रित है, बारीक ढंग से नक्काशी की हुई जाली की चिलमन, बारीक शीशों और गचकारी का कार्य और चित्रित व नक्काशीदार निचली दीवारें । मावठा झील के मध्य में सही अनुपातित मोहन बाड़ी या केसर क्यारी और उसके पूर्वी किनारे पर दिलराम बाग ऊपर बने महलों का मनोहर दृश्य दिखाते है।
पुराना शहर - कभी राजाओं, हस्तशिल्पों व आम जनता का आवास आमेर का पुराना क़स्बा अब खंडहर बन गया है। आकर्षक ढंग से नक्काशीदार व सुनियोजित जगत शिरोमणि मंदिर, मीराबाई से जुड़ा एक कृष्ण मंदिर, नरसिंहजी का पुराना मंदिर व अच्छे ढंग से बना सीढ़ियों वाला कुआँ, पन्ना मियां का कुण्ड समृद्ध अतीत के अवशेष हैं ।
जयगढ़ किला
मध्ययुगीन भारत के कुछ सैनिक इमारतों में से एक। महलों, बगीचों, टांकियों, अन्य भन्डार, शस्त्रागार, एक सुनोयोजित तोप ढलाई-घर, अनेक मंदिर, एक लंबा बुर्ज और एक विशालकाय तोप - जयबाण जो देश की सबसे बड़ी तोपों में से एक है। जयगढ़ के फैले हुए परकोटे, बुर्ज और प्रवेश द्वार पश्चिमी द्वार क्षितिज को छूते हैं. नाहरगढः जयगढ की पहाड़ियों के पीछे स्थित गुलाबी शहर का पहरेदार है - नाहरगढ़ किला। यद्यपि इसका बहुत कुछ हिस्सा ध्वस्त हो गया है, फिर भी सवाई मान सिंह द्वितीय व सवाई माधोसिंह द्वितीय द्वारा बनाई मनोहर इमारतें किले की रौनक बढाती हैं सांगानेर - (१२ किलोमीटर) - यह टोंक जाने वाले राजमार्ग पर स्थित है। इसके ध्वस्त महलों के अतिरिक्त, सांगानेर के उत्कृष्ट नक्काशीदार जैन मंदिर है। दो त्रिपोलिया (तीन मुख्य द्वार ) के अवशेषो द्वारा नगर में प्रवेश किया जाता है।
शिल्प उद्योग के लिए शहर महत्वपूर्ण केन्द्र है और ठप्पे व जालीदार छपाई की इकाइयों द्वारा हाथ से बने बढिया कपड़े यहां बनते है। यह कपड़ा देश व विदेश में प्रसिद्ध है।
बगरू - (३४ किलोमीटर) - अजमेर मार्ग पर, पुराना किला, अभी भी अच्छी अवस्था में है। यह अपने हाथ की छपाई के हथकरघा उद्योग के लिए उल्लेखनीय है, जहां सरल तकनीको का प्रयोग होता है। इस हथकरघाओं के डिजाइन कम जटिल व मटियाले रंगो के होते है।
रामगढ़ झील - (३२ किलोमीटर उत्तर - पूर्व) - पेड़ो से आच्छादित पहाड़ियो के बीच एक ऊंचा बांध बांध कर एक विशाल कृत्रिम झील की निर्माण किया गया है। यद्यपि जमवा माता का मंदिर व पुराने किले के खंडहर इसके पुरावशेष है। विशेषकर बारिश के मौसम में इसके आकर्षक प्राकृतिक दृश्य इसको एक बेहतर पिकनिक स्थल बना देते है।
सामोद - (४० किलोमीटर उत्तर - पूर्व) - सुन्दर सामोद महल का पुनर्निमाण किया गया है तथा यह राजपूत हवेली वास्तुकला का बेहतर नमूना है व पर्यटन लिए उत्तम स्थल।
विराट नगर- (शाहपुरा - अलवर मार्ग 86 किलोमीटर दूर) - खुदाई करने पर निकले एक वृत्ताकार बुद्ध मंदिर के अवशेषों से युक्त एक महत्वपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक स्थान है जो राजस्थान का असाधारण व भारत का आरंभिक प्रसिद्ध मंदिर है। बैराठ में मौर्य, मुगल व राजपूत समय के स्मृतिचिन्ह भी हैं. अकबर द्वारा निर्मित एक खान (?), एक रमणीय मुगल बगीचा और जहांगीर द्वारा निर्मित चित्रित छतरियों व दीवारों से युक्त असाधारण इमारत अन्य आकर्षण हैं. सांभर
(पश्चिम से 14 किलोमीटर) - नमक की विशाल झील, पवित्र देवयानी कुंड, महल और पास ही स्थित नालियासार के प्रसिद्ध है।
जयसिंहपुरा खोर - (अजमेर मार्ग से 12 किलोमीटर) - मीणा कबीले के इस आवास में एक दुर्गम किला, एक जैन मंदिर और हरे भरे वृक्षों के बीच एक बावड़ी है।
माधोगढ़ - तुंगा (बस्सी लालसोट आगरा मार्ग से 40 किलोमीटर) - जयपुर व मराठा सेना के बीच हुए एतिहासिक युग का तुंगा गवाह है। सुंदर आम के बागों के बीच यह किला बसा है।
चाकसू -- चाकसू से 2 किमी पूर्व मे शीतला माता का मंदिर है जिसमे प्रतिवर्ष चैत्र कृष्ण प्रतिपदा अष्टमी को यहां मेला भरता है जिसमे लाखो की तादात मे लोग इक्टटे होते है ।

Sunday, November 25, 2012

વિશ્વની પ્રખ્યાત-એરલાઇન્સ

Airlines of the world 

No. Airline Country
01 B.O.A.C. ENGLAND
02 Air France FRANCE
03 Lufthansa German Airlines W.GERMANY
04 Pan American World Airways System U.S.A.
05 Trans-world Airways U.S.A.
06 Aero-flot U.S.S.R.
07 Alitalia ITALY
08 Quantas Empire Airways AUSTRALIA
09 Air-India INDIA
10 Sabena BELGIUM
11 Arana Afghan Airlines AFGHANISTAN
12 Cathay Pacific HONGKONG
13 Finnair FINLAND
14 Iberia SPAIN
15 Japan Airlines JAPAN
16 Garuda Airways INDONESIA
17 KLM Royal Dutch NETHERLANDS
18 Bruathens NORWAY
19 Scandinavian Airlines System NORWAY
20 Swissair SWITZERLAND
21 Pakistan International Airlines PAKISTAN
22 Royal Nepal Airlines NEPAL
23 Air-Ceylon SRI LANKA
24 Thai Airways International THAILAND

Saturday, November 24, 2012

જનરલ નોલેજનું જગત-1 "અ"

"A" અક્ષરથી જનરલ નોલેજ



Wednesday, November 21, 2012

Important Personalities

વિશ્વની મહાન વ્યક્તિઓ 
1. Abraham Lincoln (1809-'65) Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the U.S.A. from 1861 to 1865 and was returned from the Republican Party. He opposed slavery and was a great champion of democracy. He was assassinated in 1865.
2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Franklin was a famous American philosopher and statesman who actively helped in promoting the declaration of independence.
3. Acharya Vinoba Bhave Born 11 September, 1895 in Gujrat. He was educated at Baroda.Met Gandhiji and joined Sabarmati Ashram in 1916.He was originator of Bhoodan yagna Movement.He received Magsaysay Award in 1969. He received Bharat Ratna award in 1983.
4. C.N.Annadurai Was the founding father of Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam (DMK), a political party of South India.DMK obtained absolute majority in the Tamil nadu Legislative Assembly at the elections of 1967 and 1971.
5. Horgovind Khurana Has become famous in carrying out research work in the U.S.A. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1968 in Physiology and Medicine.
6. Indira Gandhi Was President of Congress in 1959. Became Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting in 1964-66. Was Prime Minister of India in 1966-77 and again in 1980-1984.
7. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Famous Indian leader and statesman who was the first Prime Minister of India. Author of `The Discovery of India', `Glimpses of World History', etc.
8. Jefferson, Thomas He was the 3rd President of the U.S.A. and founder of the Republican Party.He helped in drafting the Declaration of Independence.
9. Konstantin Chernenko Became President of USSR after the death of President Andropov in 1984. President Chernenko died in 1985.
10. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther was a German preacher during the reign of Henry VIII of England. He translated the Bible in German. Founder of reformation movement and Protestantism in Europe.
11. Mihir Sen He is the first Indian to swim the English Channel. He also swam the Palk Strait, the Gibralter strait and Dardanelles strait.
12. Morarji Desai Resigned Bombay Provincial Civil Service and joined Non-Cooperation Movement under Gandhiji in 1930.Was Chief Minister of Bombay, 1952-1956, Union Minister in 1956-63. After formation of the Janata Party, was the Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979.
13. Mother Teresa Was born in Yugoslavia in 1910.The Roman Catholienun came to India as a teacher and began organizing schools for slum children in 1948. She has established 100 centres in the country comprising schools,charitable dispensaries, home for lepers, T.B. Patients, unwanted and crippled children. She was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979, as the first Indian. Was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1980.
14. Niels Bohr (1885-1963) Niels Bohr was a nuclear physicist of denmark. His pioneering work led to the invention of nuclear fission and atomic bomb. Received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
15. Ravishankar Ravishankar is the world-famous artist in sitar.
16. Ramanujam (1887-1920) The great Indian Mathematician who was famous for his work on Theory of Numbers. He became an F.R.S.in 1918.
17. H.G.Wells (1866-1946) H.G.Wells was a famous author of English novels. His science-based tales are of great appeal all over the world. The famous books written by him are "The Invisible Man","Time Machine" and "The Shape of things to come."
18. Abul Fazal (1551-1602) Famous Mughal court poet, scholar and councillor of Akbar. His books Akbar-Nama and Ain-i-Akbari throw light on Mughal rule and particularly on the reign of Akbar.
19. Abdul Ghaffar Khan A great congress leader of the N.W.F.P. and leader of Red Shirts. He is popularly known as `Frontier Gandhi'. He received the Nehru Award for peace and international understanding. He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1987.
20. Aesop (620-544 B.C.) Famous writer of greece. his fables are very instructive and interesting.
21. Alexander the Great (356-323 b.C.) Became the king of Macedon in Greece in 336 B.C. One of the greatest generals and conquerors of the world.Founded Alexandria and invaded India in 326 B.C. Reached Beas. Died at Babylon.
22. Akbar (1556-1605) The greatest of the Mughal Emperors of India. Founder of a new religion Din-i-Ilahi. He abolished pilgrim tax and Jazia. Took the Empire to its peak in administration.
23. Amir Khusro Scholar in the court of Alauddin Khilji. Laid the foundation of Urdu poetry. He wrote in Hindi also, known as the "Parrot of India".
24. Annie Besant (1846-1933) Irish Lady who supported Indian Nationalist Movement. Founder President of Theosophical Society.Was elected President of the Indian National Congress.
25. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher,artist,poet and thinker.Disciple of Plato and teacher of Alexander the great.Founder of a famous school of philosophy."The ethics and Poetics" are his famous works.
26. Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) Greek mathematician,inventor & Scientist.Discovered the principles of the lever and of specific gravity.Invented Archimedean screw.
27. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar (1893-1956) Law minister of India,1947-51. Member of the constituent Assembly. chairman of the constitution drafting Committee."Annihilation of Caste" is his famous work.
28. Aryabhatta (476-520 A.D.) Great Indian astronomer and mathematician.India's first scientific satellite was named after him.Explained the causes of solar and lunar eclipses. Determined the diameter of the earth and the moon. He laid the foundation of algebra and was responsible for pointing out the importance of "Zero".
29. Ashoka (273-236 B.C.) Indian Emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty. Embraced Budhism after the Kalinga War. One of the existing monuments of Ashoka is the Sanchi Stupas. His inscriptions on rocks and pillars are of great historical interest. Famous for sanity of thought, up rightness of character and love of humanity.
30. Aurobindo Ghosh (1872-1959) Politician,Philosopher,poet & saint. First editor of "bande Mataram", Works : Life Divine,EssaysonGita,Basis of Yoga.
31. Babar (1483-1530) Founder of the Mughal Empire in India. Conquered the throne of Delhi after the first battle of Panipat (1526) against Ibrahim Lodhi. His "Memoirs" hold a high a place in the history of literature.
32. Banabhatta Court poet of King Harsha Vardhana. Works : Harshacharita and Kadambari.
33. Bhaskaracharya Great mathematician and astronomer of the twelth century. Work `Sidhanta Siromani'.
34. Bismarck (1815-1898) Known as the "Man of blood and iron". Founded the German Empire.A great administrator.
35. Gautama Buddha (623-543 B.C.) Kshtriya prince, son of Suddhodana, the king of Kapilavastu in Nepal. Founder of Buddhism. Developed the philosophy of pessimism.
36. Dr.H.J.Bhabha (1909-1966) Indian Physicist.President,Indian Science Congress, 1951.Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India. Thew first Atomic Reactor was completed under hisguidance in 1956 and the second reactor was commissioned in 1960.Was made a fellow of the Royal Society in London in 1941.
37. Subhash Chandra Bose (1897- ? Indian nationalist and organizer of the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) during the World War II. Was called `Netaji'.Was elected President of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1938. founder of the political party `Forward Block'.
38. Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C.) Roman Genaral and statesman. Invaded Gaul and Britain. Paved the way for the Roman Empire. Was also an orator, poet and historian.
39. Winston Churchill (1877-1965) British statesman,soldier and author. Leader of Conservative party. Led Britain as Prime Minister during World War II. Won Nobel Prize for literature in 1953. Famous work :`The Gathering Storm, War Memoris, etc.
40. Chanakya (Kautilya) (4th Century B.C.) Famous minister of Chandra Gupta Maurya and was responsible for the fall of the Nanda Dynasty. "Arthashastra" is his famous book.It throws light on the then system of government, the revenue system, the art of administration and the duties of the king.
41. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who first propounded the astronomical theory that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun.
42. Madame Marie Curie (1867-1934) Discovered Radium.Won the Nobel Prize twice (Physics-1903,Chemistry-1911)
43. Lord Clive (Robert Clive)(1725-1774) Founded the British Empire in india by defeating Seraj-ud-daula at Plassey in 1757. Twice appointed Governor of Bengal (1757-'60) and (1764-'67)
44. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay (1838-1894) Bengali novelist. Introduced a rich style in the Bengali language. "Durgeshnandini", "Bishabrika", "Anandamath" are some of his outstanding works.
45. W.E.Disney (1901-1966) American film cartoonist Producer of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck etc. Creator of Disneyland, California.
46. Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) Great hindu reformer.Founder of the `Arya Samaj (1875). Fought against untouchability, preached widow re-marriage, supported women's education.
47. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) American inventor. Invented telephone transmitter, megaphone, phonograph, incandescent bulb, cinematograph, etc.
48. Euclid (330-269 B.C.) Greek mathematician and author of elements of Germany.
49. Fa-hien The first Buddhist pilgrim from China who came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II(`Vikramaditya') to collect Buddhist relics and sacred literature. he stayed in india from 401 to 410 A.D.
50. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) British scientist who founded the science of electromagnetism. discovered the laws of Electrolysis.
51. Firdousi (940-1020) Epic poet of Persia. He was a court poet of sultan Mahmud of Gazni. His `Shah-nama' contains 60,600verses describingthe history of Persia.
52. Galileo Italian mathematician and astronomer. Invented telescope (1609) and the first man to see the satellites of Jupiter.(1564-1642)
53. M.K.Gandhi (1869-1948) Led `Satyagraha' movement in south Africa. Associated with many movements during the struggle for independence of India viz., Non-co-operation movement in 1920, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India in 1942. His main principles were non-violence and truth. He was called the `Father of the Nation'. His autobiography `My Experiments with Truth' is world-famous.
54. Harsha Vardhana Hindu King of India (606-647 A.D.). The account of his reign is available from two sources : Hiuen Tsand, a Chinese traveller, and Bana Bhatt, the famous Sanskrit poet. Nalanda University flourished during his time.
55. Hiuen Tsang Famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India during the reign of King Harsha, stayed in India from 629 to 644 A.D. and learnt Buddhist scriptures at Nalanda University. He has left interesting records of the conditions in India at that time.
56. Adolf Hitler German dictator and founder of National socialism. The Chancellor of Germany since 1933 and Leader of Reich since 1934. Started a Fascist movement. Involved Germany into the World War II and was defeated in 1945. Author of `Mein Kampf'.
57. Ho-Chi-Minh Organised the revolutionary rationalist party of Indo-China against French rule. Led the struggle for Vietnam's independence during World War II. As President of North Vietnam he defied the USA for the unification of Vietnam, Great communist leader.
58. Kalidasa Epic figure in classic sanskrit literature. Works :`Shakuntala', `Meghduta',`Kumar Sambhava' etc. Flourished in the time of Vikramaditya.
59. Kabir One of the greatest expoexponents of Bhakti Movement - a socio-religious movement spread in the Middle ages which aimed at liberalising the religious practices of Hindus. Disciple of Ramanand. Kabir believed in the unity of God and equality of all religions.
60. Lenin Leader of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Head of the Soviet Government from 1917 to 1924.
61. Leonardo da Vinci Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and musician. Famous paintings are `The Last Supper' and `Mona Lisa'.
62. Mahavira Born in the 6th century B.C. Jainism which is a religious sect of Hinduism was strengthened by him. Apostle of non-violence. Prescribed code of penance for his followers. The religion did not spread outside India.
63. Megasthenes Was Greek ambassador to Chandra Gupta Maurya's Court sent by seleucus. His book `Indika' is a source of information about the state of India at that time.
64. Mao-Tse-Tung (1893-1976) Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1936-59. First Chairman of the Central Government of the People's Republic of China., 1949-59. Organised the Red Guards to start the Cultural Revolution.
65. Karl Marx (1818-83) German philosopher and socialist. Author of `Communist Manifesto' and `Das Kapital'. Communism is based on his teachings.
66. Michael Angelo(1475-1564) Italian painter, sculptor, architect and poet who did much to beautify the churches of Rome and Florence by his genius.
67. Marco Polo (1256-1323) Famous Venetian traveller and explorer. The first European to visit china. Made journeys through China, India and other Eastern countries and published a record of his wanderings.
68. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) French Emperor and General. Conquered most of Europe. Was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 and died in exile at St.Helena's Island.
69. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) British nurse and hospital reformer. Organised a nursing service during the Crimean War (1854-56), which reformed the age-old system in hospitals. Her system was later adopted throughout the world. Known as `The Lady with the Lamp.'
70. Picasso (1881-1973) Spanish painter and sculptor.Founded cubist school of painting. `Guernica' is his civil war painting.
71. Maharana Pratap (1540-97) Raiput chief who refused to acknowledge Akbar's overlordship. Defeated at Haldighat in 1576. Reconquered the greater part of his possessions.
72. Ramkrishna Paramhanssa (1833-1886) Indian religious saint and preceptor of Swami Vivekanand.
73. Roosevelt (1882-1945) President of the USA from 1933 till his death, being the first American to be elected for more than two terms. He met the economic crisis of 1933 with a policy for a `New Deal'.
74. William Shakespeare(1564-1616) The Greatest poet and dramatist of england. Author of several plays such as `Julius Caesar', `Macbeth', `Romeo and Juliet', `Hamlet', `The Merchant of Venice', `Antony and Cleopatra, etc.
75. Socrates (463-399 B.C.) Greek Philosopher and intellectual leader. Plato was his pupil. He was sentenced to death on charges of impiety and corrupting the young.
76. Stalin (1879-1953) Soviet Statesman. played an important part in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Became the outstanding leader of Russia after the death of Lenin in 1924. Introduced in 1929 the famous Five Year Plan to build new Russia. General Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, 1924-41.
77. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish dramatist, socialist, writer and journalist. His famous plays are `Pleasant and Unpleasant', `Man and Superman',`Mrs.Warren's Profession'.
78. Swami Vivekanand (1863-1902) A great Hindu Saint and religious leader. His original name was Narendranath Datta. Follower of Ramkrishna Paramhansa. Led the Vedanta movement. Founded Ramkrishna Mission at Belur (West Bengal). Among his books `Janam Yoga', `Bhakti Yoga' and `Karma Yoga' are best known.
79. Savarkar (1883-1966) Nationalist leader from Maharashtra. Leader of the Hindu Mahasabha. Author of `Indian War of Independence'.
80. Shankaracharya (Born 788 A.D.) A great scholar,philosopher and religious teacher. Countered the influence of Buddhism and Jainism. Wrote authoritative commentaries on the Upanishadas.
81. Shivaji (1627-80) Brave general and capable administrator. Fought successfully many battles against Aurangzeb's army and was instrumental in shattering the structure of Mughal Empire in India. Made the Marathas a strong nation. Was crowned king in 1674 at Raigarh.
82. Shah Jehan The Mughal Emperor (1628-58). Built Taj Mahal at Agra in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Lal Quila and Jama Masjid in Delhi were also built in his time.
83. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) Great Indian poet,novelist,dramatist,composer,philosopher,educationist,artist and humanist. Won Noble Prize for literature in 1913. Works : `Gitanjali', `Gora', `Chitra',`Wreck', `Post Office', `Hungry Stones', etc. Founded the international university Visva-Bharti at Shantiniketan (W.B.)
84. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) One of the pioneers of the Indian freedom movement. Started two newspapers, the `Kesari' in Marathi and the `Maratha' in English. He declared `Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it'. Wrote a commentary on the Gita, the `Gita Rahasya'.
85. Tansen Great exponent of Indian classical music. He was one of the `Nau Rattans' in the court of Akbar.
86. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) Russian writer,philosopher,social reformer and religious teacher. His chief novels are `War and Peace', `Anna Karenina', `Resurrection', etc.
87. Marshal Tito (1892-1980) Yugoslav leader. Called the Neutral Nations Conference at Belgrade in 1961. A firm believer in non-alignment.
88. Vasco da Gama A portuguese Sailor, who in 1498, rounded the Cape of Good hope and succeeded in reaching the port of Calicut in south India.
89. George Washington (1732-99) Commander-in-Chief of the American army during the American War of Independence (1775-83). First President of the Republic of USA elected in 1789; re-elected in 1793.
90. Murlidhar Devidas Amte Popularly known as Baba Amte, an IndianLawyer who has made the lives of thousands of lepers and other social outcastes productive and respectable. Was awarded the 1985 Magsaysay award for public service. `Anandwan' is the first of the settlements established by him for lepers and other physically handicapped people.
91. Martin Luther King (1929-68) U.S. negro civil rights leader. It was due to his efforts that the U.S. Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964.Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.